Math 269. Topics in Combinatorics: Schubert Calculus -- Spring 2020


Lectures: Mondays and Wednesdays 10:30am-11:45am, Science Center 300H (NOTE: new location!).

Professor: L. Williams (Science Center 510, e-mail williams@math.harvard.edu)

Office Hours: Wednesdays 1:05pm-2:30pm.

Course assistant: Charles Wang, e-mail m.charles.wang@gmail.com.

Charles' office hours: Fridays 10am-12pm, near 421b.


Course description

This course will provide an elementary introduction to the combinatorial aspects of Schubert calculus, the part of enumerative geometry dealing with classical varieties such as Grassmanians, flag varieties, and their Schubert varieties. A classical example of a Schubert calculus question is the following: given a generic configuration of four 2-dimensional subspaces in a complex 4-dimensional space, how many 2- dimensional subspaces intersect each of these four in a line? To be able to answer this and related questions, one needs to concretely understand the structure of the cohomology ring of the Grassmanian. In this course we will develop the necessary combinatorial machinery to answer such enumerative questions, including Young tableaux, the Bruhat order, symmetric functions, and Schubert polynomials. We may also discuss related topics including singularities of Schubert varieties, quantum cohomology rings, real Schubert calculus, and Macdonald polynomials.

Prerequisites: Although this class will be focusing on combinatorial aspects of the theory, one of the main topics will be the cohomology ring of the Grassmannian, so familiarity with cohomology (from e.g. Math 231a) and the notion of a projective variety (from Math 137 or 232A) will be helpful. If you have not taken these classes but are very motivated to take my class, then reading about these notions might suffice: I'd recommend the appendix to Manivel's book; Cox-Little-O'Shea's Ideals, Varieties, and Algorithms; Hatcher's Algebraic Topology book; and Harris' Algebraic Geometry (a first course). Familiarity with some representation theory may also be helpful.

Grades will be based on problem sets (50%), and a final paper (50%).

References

A main reference for the course will be Laurent Manivel's book ``Symmetric functions, Schubert polynomials and degeneracy loci," which you can rent or buy here. I will also draw from Fulton and Harris' ``Representation theory," Fulton's ``Young tableaux," Stanley's ``Enumerative Combinatorics 2," as well as some research articles.

Lectures

  • Lecture 1 (Jan. 27): Course overview. Motivating questions. Projective space, start Grassmannians.
  • Lecture 2 (Jan. 29): The Grassmannian is a cell complex, a manifold, a projective variety.
  • Lecture 3 (Feb. 3): Schubert cells, varieties, and their intersections.
  • Lecture 4 (Feb. 5): Intersecting Schubert varieties.
  • Lecture 5 (Feb. 10): The cohomology (and Chow ring) of the Grassmannian.
  • Lecture 6 (Feb. 12): The Pieri rule for Schubert classes.
  • President's day (Feb 17), no lecture
  • Lecture 7 (Feb. 19): Schubert's formula and Young tableaux
  • Lecture 8 (Feb. 24): Schur polynomials (classical and combinatorial definitions)
  • Lecture 9 (Feb. 26): The ring of symmetric polynomials. Jacobi-Trudi formula.
  • Lecture 10 (Mar. 2): Presentation of the cohomology ring of the Grassmannian.
  • Lecture 11 (Mar. 4): The Littlewood-Richardson rule, via noncommutative Schur functions.
  • Lecture 12 (Mar. 9): The Littlewood-Richardson rule, via plactic monoid and jeu de taquin.
  • Lecture 13 (Mar. 11): Postnikov's toric Schur functions, and quantum cohomology of the Grassmannian.
  • Spring break (Mar. 16-20):
  • Lecture 14 (Mar. 23): Toric Schur functions, continued.
  • Lecture 15 (Mar. 25): Finish toric Schur functions.
  • Lecture 16 (Mar. 30): The flag manifold, and its Schubert cells.
  • Lecture 17 (Apr. 1): Basis theorem for cohomology of the flag variety.
  • Lecture 18 (Apr. 6): Combinatorics of Bruhat order.
  • Lecture 19 (Apr. 8): Divided difference operators.
  • Lecture 20 (Apr. 13): Schubert polynomials and double Schubert polynomials.
  • Lecture 21 (Apr. 15): Schubert polynomials and the nilCoxeter algebra.
  • Lecture 22 (Apr. 20): Combinatorial formulas for Schubert polynomials.
  • Lecture 23 (Apr. 22): Multiplying Schubert classes.
  • Lecture 24 (Apr. 27): Markov chains and Schubert polynomials.
  • Lecture 25 (Apr. 29): Lectures of Colin Defant and Hanna Mularczyk.
  • (May 6): FINAL PROJECT DUE (submit to canvas).